Placement for Adoption
This chapter should be read in conjunction with the Permanence Planning Guidance and Early Permanence Placements / Fostering for Adoption Procedure (One Adoption).
AMENDMENT
This chapter was refreshed in April 2023.
1. Planning for Permanence
1.1 | Every Looked After Child must have a Permanence Plan by the date of their second Looked After Review. |
1.2 | When an adoption plan is being considered in relation to a Looked After Child consideration should be given to inviting a representative of the Adoption Service to the relevant meeting. |
1.3 | In relation to a Relinquished Child, an early planning meeting should be arranged to which a representative of the Adoption Service must be invited. Where adoption is considered to be the preferred option for a relinquished child, family finding should begin immediately in order to achieve early placement following the decision. |
1.4 | Family finding should begin as soon as adoption is under consideration, and before the Agency Decision Maker decides that the child should be placed for adoption or a Placement Order is made. |
1.5 | In the case of siblings, an early decision should be taken as to whether it is in the best interests of each child to be placed together or separately, and the impact on each child of that decision. The decision should be based on a balanced assessment of the individual needs of each child in the group, and the likely or possible consequences of each option on each child. Factors that may need to be considered will include: the nature of the sibling group (do the siblings know each other / how are they related); whether the children have formed an attachment; the health needs of each child; and each child's view (noting that a child's views and perceptions will change over time). |
1.6 | Section 22C of the Children Act 1989 (amended by the Children and Families Act 2014)) imposes upon local authorities a duty that where:
Then the local authority MUST consider placing the child with:
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2. Obtaining Agency Approval to Adoption Plan
2.1 | Cases where the criteria apply for the local authority to apply for a Placement Order, i.e. the child is the subject of a Care Order or the Threshold Criteria for a Care Order are satisfied or where there is no parent or guardian, will not be referred to the Adoption Panel for a recommendation, but will be referred directly to the Agency Decision Maker for a decision. All other cases (i.e. where the parents have given consent and there is no application for a Placement Order) will continue to be referred to the Adoption Panel for a recommendation, which the Agency Decision Maker will take into account when making a decision. As soon as adoption is the Permanence Plan for the child, the child's social worker must:
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2.2 | If not already obtained, the child's social worker should obtain 2 certified copies of the child's full birth certificate. These will be required for future Court applications and for the prospective adopters. |
2.3 | The child's social worker should give both birth parents written information on adoption and ask them to sign confirmation of receipt, a copy of which should be kept on the child's Case Record and a further copy should be handed to the parents. If either or both of the birth parents refuse to accept or do not receive the information, this should be recorded, with reasons, on the child's case record. Where the parents' address is known, the child's social worker should personally deliver or arrange for delivery by hand of a copy of the information to the address and record this on the Case Record. See also Section 4, Counselling and Support of Parents. |
2.4 | If not already obtained, the child's social worker must seek the birth parents' consent to the disclosure of information on their medical history to facilitate the Adoption Medical for the child - for detailed procedures, see Section 5, Child's Adoption Medical. |
2.5 | The child's social worker must discuss with the parents their views on the adoption plan, and arrange the necessary counselling and support for both of the birth parents and any other significant relatives - see Section 4, Counselling and Support for Parents. If either or both of the parents decline or refuse counselling and/or support, then this should be recorded, including the reasons, in the child's electronic record. |
2.6 | Where one or both of the birth parents cannot be found, the child's social worker must make extensive enquiries as to their whereabouts. The social worker should write to the parent's last known address and contact the Department for Work and Pensions and other agencies as appropriate (including the Council Tax Register, the Passport Office and the housing authority). Consideration should also be given to the need to place advertisements in the local and national press and legal advice should be sought as to any additional steps that should be taken. |
2.7 | The child's social worker must contact the child's health visitor or school health for current information in relation to the child's health and development. |
2.8 | The child's social worker must contact the child's school or the relevant local education service for current information in relation to the child's educational needs. |
2.9 | The child's social worker must ask the child's carer to complete a report on the child. (This will be required for the Child's Permanence Report - see 2.12). |
2.10 | The child's social worker must ensure that the adoption plan addresses the issue of post-placement and post-adoption contact. This will include a possible meeting between the parents and the adopters, and whether there may be ongoing direct contact or indirect contact via a letterbox system - see Section 6, Post-Placement Contact. If the child has siblings, the plan must analyse the relationship between each child in the sibling group and, if the decision is to place siblings separately, address the issue of post-placement and post-adoption contact between them. |
2.11 | The child's social worker must also carry out an assessment of the likely needs for adoption support services in relation to the child (including the likely need for financial support), the birth parents and any other person with a significant relationship to the child. For the detailed procedures, see Adoption Support Procedure. |
2.12 | Using all the information obtained in relation to the above, the child's social worker must prepare the Child's Permanence Report. The Child's Permanence Report must be written by the social worker who knows the child best, who must also be a qualified social worker with suitable experience (see Adoption Panel (One Adoption - to follow)). The following areas must be included or addressed in the Report:
Those parts of the Report that contain factual information about the birth family should be shared with the relevant family members to enable them to confirm their accuracy and agree to it being passed on to a child in due course. Any such agreement should be clearly recorded on the child's case record. Each of the child's parents should be shown those parts of the Report which set out their views and wishes, and given the opportunity, if they so wish, to express these in their own words. Where appropriate, the relevant sections of the Report should also be provided to the child. When shared the parents should be asked to sign the Report to confirm they have seen it and have had the opportunity to provide any written comments they wish to make. |
Presentation to the Adoption Panel |
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2.13 | See paragraph 2.1 for circumstances when the case will be referred to the Adoption Panel, and when the case will be referred directly to the Agency Decision Maker. Where cases are referred directly to the Agency Decision Maker, Section 2.13 does not apply and the procedure is set out in Section 2.14, Referral Directly to the Agency Decision Maker. This must take place within 6 weeks of the completion of the Child's Permanence Report. To enable the Adoption Panel to consider whether the child is suitable to be placed for adoption, the child's social worker must present the following reports:
The child's social worker will send the relevant reports to the Panel Administrator at least 10 working days before the relevant date of the Adoption Panel. The child's social worker together with their manager if appropriate will attend the Panel meeting during consideration of the matter. Where a Children's Guardian has been appointed, consideration should be given to inviting the Children's Guardian to the Panel during consideration of this item; however, there is no requirement upon the Panel to allow the children's guardian to attend the Panel and make oral submissions. The report of the Children's Guardian must not be disclosed without the leave of the court. (N.B. Where the social worker is seeking a recommendation in relation to a proposed placement of the child with particular prospective adopters at the same time, the procedure set out in Section 8, Approval of Matching of Adoption Parents must also be followed). The Panel will consider the written reports and any additional information presented verbally. The Panel will make a recommendation to the Agency Decision Maker. Where the Panel recommends that the child should be placed for adoption, it must consider and may give advice as to future contact arrangements for the child. The recommendation and advice will be recorded in writing, together with reasons, in the Panel's minutes. A copy of the relevant minute must be held on the child's Case Record. For cases which are presented to the Adoption Panel, the final minutes must be produced promptly and agreed by the Panel members and then sent to the Agency Decision Maker, together with the reports considered by the Panel, to allow the decision to be made within seven working days of receipt of the panel's recommendation and final set of panel minutes. The Agency Decision Maker must record their decision in writing, together with reasons. Where the Agency Decision Maker is minded to disagree with the Panel recommendation, they must first discuss the case with another senior officer with relevant experience, who is not a Panel member. This discussion must be recorded and placed on the child's Adoption Case Record. |
Referral Directly to Agency Decision Maker |
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2.14 | See paragraph 2.1 for circumstances when the case will be referred to the Adoption Panel, and when the case will be referred directly to the Agency Decision Maker. Where cases are to be referred directly to the Agency Decision Maker for a decision, a time should be booked with the Agency Decision Maker for the decision to be made and this should be a maximum of 2 months from the date when the adoption plan was ratified at the child's Looked After Review and not more than one month from the final court hearing. In order for the decision to be made within this timescale, the Agency Decision Maker should be sent the same reports and information as would be submitted to the Adoption Panel, as set out in Section 2.13, Presentation to the Adoption Panel. The child's social worker will send the relevant reports to the Agency Adviser at least 10 working days before the relevant date booked with the Agency Decision Maker. The Agency Adviser will be responsible for checking the quality of the reports before they are submitted to the Agency Decision Maker. In making the decision the Agency Decision Maker may discuss the case with the Agency Adviser, Medical Adviser and legal adviser. However, there is no provision for adjourning the decision to allow time for taking advice. NB The Agency Decision Maker is expressly prohibited from referring a case to the Adoption Panel for advice. |
After the Decision |
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2.15 | The parents will be informed orally of the agency's decision within two working days by the child's social worker and written confirmation should be sent to them within five working days by the relevant administrator. The letter setting out the agency decision will be sent by recorded delivery, except where delivery by hand has been agreed as appropriate, in which case the letter will be forwarded to the social worker for delivery by hand. The child's social worker will also ensure that the child is informed of the decision in a timely and age-appropriate way. In cases where the case has been presented to the Adoption Panel and the decision is different from the Panel's recommendation, a copy of the Panel minutes should also be sent to the parents. |
2.16 | Where the Designated Manager (Placement Orders) has made a decision to seek a Placement Order in relation to the child, the child's social worker should consult Legal Services in order to prepare the Court application. The child's social worker should inform the child's Independent Reviewing Officer of the Court timetable including when the placement application is filed. NB Local authorities cannot make applications for Placement Orders until this has been decided by the Agency Decision Maker. |
2.17 | Where there is parental consent to the child's adoptive placement and/or advance parental consent to the child's adoption, and the child is more than 6 weeks old, the child's social worker must arrange for a written request to be sent to CAFCASS to appoint an officer to witness the consent. Where there is parental consent to the child's placement and the child is less than 6 weeks old, the social worker should ask the parents to sign a written agreement in the prescribed form to facilitate an early placement. |
2.18 | The social worker should send to the CAFCASS office closest to the parents' address, a certified copy of the child's birth certificate, the name and address of the parent, a Chronology of the actions and decisions made by the local authority and confirmation that the parents have received counselling and written information on the legal implications of giving consent to the placement/adoption. Where the child lives in Wales, the request should be forwarded to the Welsh National Assembly. |
2.19 | On receipt of the parent's consent witnessed by the CAFCASS officer, the original must be placed on the child's Case Record (as it will be required for the future adoption application). |
3. Preparation of Child for Adoption
3.1 | The child's social worker will ensure that Life Story Work with the child continues with the aim as far as possible that:
As part of the above, the child will be given a Children's Guide to Adoption as soon as adoption is part of the child's Care Plan. Any information given to the child should be confirmed in writing and any discussions with the child should be fully recorded. The child's preferred method of communication should be known and there should be no assumption that a child is unable to communicate. The social worker should specifically ensure that the child's wishes in relation to adoption, religious and cultural upbringing and contact with their birth family are ascertained. Where a child's wishes are not acted upon, for example a child's wish to be placed with their siblings, this should be explained to the child, with reasons, and should be fully recorded. |
3.2 | The foster carers' supervising social worker will support the foster carers in playing their part in the implementation of the plan, including careful recording by the foster carers of any changes in the child's behaviour. |
3.3 | Once an adoptive placement has been identified and approved, the child's social worker is responsible for ensuring the child is properly prepared for the first meeting with the prospective adoptive family and is appropriately counselled during the period of introductions - see Section 9, Planning the Placement. As part of the preparation of the child for the adoptive placement, information will be provided to ensure that they have a proper understanding about the accommodation and others living at the prospective adoptive home, the contact arrangements with the birth family and how to contact their social worker. |
3.4 | The child's social worker will encourage the parents to write a 'Later Life' letter for the child, and to provide information to enable the social worker to write a 'Later Life' letter for the child; (to give to the adopters) within 10 working days of adoption ceremony, i.e. the ceremony to celebrate the making of the adoption order. |
4. Counselling, Support and Information Sharing for Parents
4.1 Counselling and Support for Parents
4.1.1 | Both birth parents must be offered counselling and support irrespective of whether they have Parental Responsibility unless there are exceptional circumstances, in which case legal advice should be taken and the reasons for not arranging counselling recorded. |
4.1.2 | It may also be appropriate for members of the extended family to receive counselling or support, where they have played a significant role in the child's life. |
4.1.3 | The child's social worker must explain to both parents (including a parent without Parental Responsibility) the reasons for the adoption plan and the key stages of the adoption process, including the likely time-scales and any contact arrangements; in addition the social worker should provide them with written information on the adoption process covering the areas set out in paragraph 4.1.8 a) to g), l) and m) below and this should be recorded. (See Section 4.2, Procedural Fairness) |
4.1.4 | If either or both of the birth parents refuse to accept or do not receive the written information, this should be recorded, including the reasons, on the child's case file. Where the parents' address is known, the child's social worker should personally deliver or arrange for delivery by hand of a copy of the information to the address and record this on the Case Record. |
4.1.5 | The child's social worker must also seek to ascertain the parent's views on the matters set out in Section 4.1.8, h) and k) below and offer to arrange independent support for both birth parents. The purpose of the support is to ensure that the alternatives to adoption have been explored and the implications of adoption fully discussed. It also offers the parents the opportunity to express their views in relation to the plans for the child, and to be involved in planning for the child's future wherever possible. Where the offer of support is accepted, the social worker should make the necessary arrangements for a referral for independent support to be made. |
4.1.6 | The support may need to be provided by a specialist worker, for example where the parent has poor mental health or learning disabilities. If so, the social worker should ensure that an appropriate resource is identified. |
4.1.7 | The specific needs of parents arising from their ethnicity must always be taken into account. An interpreter must be arranged where English is not their preferred language. |
4.1.8 | The counselling and support will cover the following areas:
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4.1.9 | The parents should be encouraged to seek legal advice particularly where they are opposed to the adoption plan. Where there is a father without Parental Responsibility, the social worker should also ascertain if he intends to apply for a Parental Responsibility Order and a Child Arrangements Order. |
4.1.10 | The parents and their solicitors, if appropriate, must be sent copies of any written consents and/or recording of their views. |
4.1.11 | Where the parents refuse or decline to accept counselling and/or support, the child's social worker must record the attempts made to persuade the parents and the reasons for their refusal in the child's file. |
4.1.12 | Where the parents are seeking to have an expected child adopted, the counselling must start before the baby's birth. In addition, the child's social worker must cover practical tasks such as the arrangements for the birth, the parents' own contact with the child after the birth, the intended length of the mother's hospital stay and their wishes regarding the timing of the placement. After the child's birth, the counselling and support must continue. The social worker should then confirm with the parents that they still wish to pursue adoption for the child. (See Children Relinquished for Adoption Procedure). |
4.1.13 | The social worker should arrange for photographs to be taken of the child and, if they agree, the parents and other significant people and places, for inclusion in the child's Life Story Book. |
4.2 Procedural Fairness
The local authority must ensure that the birth parents are informed and advised of the key stages of the plan for adoption so that they have every opportunity to challenge the plan. One Adoption / the local authority must be clear as to when it needs leave of the court to place a child and when a placement can be made without leave of the court.
In a judicial review, (see [2017] EWHC 1041 (Admin)). Placement for Adoption was confirmed as having 'significant legal and emotional impacts for all involved the child, the birth parent(s) and the prospective adopters. As such it is an important step in the process leading to an adoption'. The judgement identified that it is important to ensure that:
- There is the opportunity for the person (i.e. the birth parent) affected to make representation before the decision is acted upon;
- The affected person is provided with information so that they can act in a timely way;
- This information relates 'to the relevant legal or administrative process or to facts relating to when a decision is to be made and put into effect'.
Therefore, as a matter of good practice, and especially where parents have indicated their opposition to an adoption order, the social worker should inform them in a timely way, and in writing, of their intention to proceed with the plan of placement for adoption. (Note: where the child is already in placement and is being adopted by, for example a foster carer, the same notice should be sent in respect of changing the status from that of being a 'Looked After Placement', to that of being 'Placed for Adoption').
Practitioners must bear in mind that a court's determination of 'procedural fairness' will not be based on what appears to them to be a typical interpretation of 'the best interests of the child', but on the issues highlighted above. (See para 26, [2017] EWHC 1041 (Admin)) (as above).
'Justice must not only be done but be seen to be done', (para 44 in Re F (Placement Order) [2008] 2 FLR 550.)
5. Child's Adoption Medical
5.1 | As soon as the adoption plan becomes part of the child's Care Plan, the child's social worker should write to the Medical Adviser regarding an adoption medical for the child. The Medical Adviser should be asked for advice on whether a full developmental medical is required and if so, who should conduct the medical and whether any tests or opinions are required. (In some cases, the Medical Adviser may consider that there is already sufficient up-to-date health information on the child and a further medical examination is not required). Note that Regulation 15 Adoption Agencies Regulations 2005 provides that arrangements must be made for the child to be examined by a registered medical practitioner and for a report on the child's health to be obtained on the state of the child's health, any treatment which the child is receiving, any need for health care and the matters listed in Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the Regulations:
A Child's Health Report must be obtained unless:
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5.2 | The child's social worker should send the Forms B and M (requesting an obstetric report on the mother and neo-natal report on the child) to the hospital social work team (if one exists at the hospital where the child was born) or the Hospital Administrator with a request that the Form be completed and returned to the social worker. Where the child was born at home, the Form should be sent to the mother's GP. |
5.3 | The child's social worker should contact the Medical Adviser requesting a medical for the child and at the same time inform the Medical Adviser when Forms B and M were requested. The procedure needs to be started without delay so that the adoption medical can be arranged; the adoption medical must take place before the child's plan for adoption is considered at the Adoption Panel and/or by the Agency Decision Maker, (unless the Medical Adviser has advised it unnecessary - see paragraph 5.1 above). In cases which are presented to the Panel for consideration of whether the child is suitable to be placed for adoption (see paragraph 2.1), the Medical Adviser must be in a position to advise the Panel of the child's health needs. |
5.4 | The child's social worker must seek the cooperation of both birth parents to provide written consent to the disclosure of medical information if this has not already been provided, including obtaining their consent to the Medical Adviser approaching their GP if necessary, as well as obtaining their written consent to the obstetric report on the mother and neo-natal report on the child. |
5.5 | The importance of the disclosure of medical information must be explained to the parents but where the parents refuse to sign consent forms, the social worker must complete as much as possible on the relevant forms, record the attempts made to engage the parents and the reasons for refusal in the child's file, and inform the Medical Adviser of the position. |
5.6 | In cases which are not presented to the Panel for consideration of whether the child is suitable to be placed for adoption (see paragraph 2.1) and expert reports have been filed with the court that are relevant to the child's health, consideration should be given to whether to seek a specific direction from the court allowing the report to be disclosed to the Medical Adviser for comment. |
5.7 | The child's social worker should send the relevant age-appropriate CoramBAAF Form for completion after the medical. |
5.8 | The foster carer should attend the medical with the child and, unless considered inappropriate, the child's social worker should also attend. |
5.9 | The information on the child's medical report must be kept up to date if a placement is not immediately forthcoming. This must be done twice yearly for a child aged below 2 and annually for a child of 2 and above. The Medical Adviser may, however, make specific recommendations in relation to particular children. |
6. Post-placement Contact
See also Contact After Adoption (Research in Practice) – this online resource supports practitioners working on making positive post-adoption contact plans and supporting birth relatives and adopters through contact planning for their child.
6.1 | The child's social worker must undertake a written assessment as to the best interests of the child to support any contact proposals as part of an adoption plan, or reasons why no contact is recommended. This assessment will take account of the views of the child, the parents, the foster carers and any other significant family members, as well as evidence of attachment and the quality of relationships, based on observations of contact and the child's behaviour before, during and after contact. |
6.2 | Where there is a sibling group, each child must be assessed separately and together as a group. |
6.3 | The assessment should determine whether post-placement and post-adoption contact between the child and the parents and/or siblings would be in the child's best interests, and if so, what form it should take. The nature and frequency of contact will be influenced by the need to maintain attachments and/or long-term identity issues. |
6.4 | Post-placement and post-adoption contact may take the following forms:
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6.5 | Any proposed post-placement and post-adoption contact should be in line with any Court Orders. |
6.6 | Where post-placement and post-adoption contact is considered to be in the child's interests, it should be part of the information shared with prospective adoptive parents during the matching process - see Section 7, Identification of Adoptive Parents (including Inter Agency Placements) and also part of the planning of the placement - see Section 9, Planning the Placement. When making an Adoption Order, or at any time afterwards, the court may (upon application or on its own initiative) make an order for contact with, or an order prohibiting contact with, the person(s) named in the order. Such orders have effect until the child's 18th birthday, unless revoked sooner. An order for contact requires the adopter to allow the child to visit, stay with or otherwise have contact with, the person named in the order. The following people may be named in an order:
The adopters or the child may apply without the leave of the court, whilst any other person, including the child's birth parents and other birth relatives, e.g. grandparents or siblings, would need the court's leave to apply. In deciding whether to grant leave to apply, the court must consider:
The court will issue a timetable and directions with the aim of resolving the application without delay. Applications prohibiting contact are unlikely to be necessary in the majority of cases and are only likely to be appropriate to stop unwanted, unsolicited and potentially harmful contact with the child, or to prevent such contact happening. The circumstances in which a birth parent, relative or other person are most likely to seek the court's leave to apply for an order for contact after adoption are where an agreement for some form of continuing contact had been made, but was not adhered to. Application can be made to the court to vary or revoke such orders, by the child, adopter or person named in the order. |
6.7 | Post-placement contact can be reviewed at the request of the adopters, child or birth relatives to reflect the changing needs of those involved. The review will be undertaken by the adoption service with the best interests of the child being paramount. |
7. Identification of Adoptive Parents (including Inter Agency Placements)
See also Early Permanence Placements / Fostering for Adoption Procedure (One Adoption).
One Adoption (the Regional Adoption Agency) has a duty to identify prospective adopters as soon as reasonably practicable. Family finding should begin as soon as adoption is under consideration, and before the Agency Decision Maker decides that the child should be placed for adoption or a Placement Order is made.
Careful matching contributes to the stability of placements. In determining whether a prospective adopter may be suitable to adopt the child, an assessment must be made of the ability of the prospective adopter to meet the needs of the child throughout childhood. Assessments that identify adopters as suitable for a child will be informed by a clear understanding of that child’s needs and of the skills necessary to help and support them. The agency will ensure that full information is shared with adopters prior to a placement so that appropriate care can be provided.
Consideration must be given as to whether there are suitable carers available under the Fostering for Adoption, Concurrent Planning and Temporary Approval as Foster Carers of Approved Prospective Adopters Procedure.The overall time-scale for matching a child with a prospective adoptive family is:
- The match is to be identified, recommended by the Adoption Panel and approved within 6 months of the agency's formal decision that the child is suitable to be placed for adoption, except in the following cases:
- Where a parent requests adoption for a child of less than six months of age, the match is to be identified, recommended by the Adoption Panel and approved within 3 months of the agency's formal decision that the child is suitable to be placed for adoption.
7.1 | Limited family finding will commence once the decision has been made (by the ADM) that the child should be placed for adoption. Once the child has been made subject to Section 19 Consent or a Placement Order the case will transfer to an adoption social worker. Active family finding with then commence. |
7.2 | The child's adoption social worker will address the following issues:
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7.3 | The adoption social worker will consider whether there are any potentially suitable in-house approved families (including families going through the assessment process) Prospective Adopter's Reports. Where foster carers express an interest in adopting a child placed with them, see paragraph 7.9. |
7.4 | Where there are potentially suitable in-house approved families indicating an interest, the family's adoption social worker will visit to clarify whether they wish to be considered. In complex cases, the child's social worker will accompany the link worker to enable specific issues to be discussed. |
7.5 | Ethnicity must not be placed above everything else when identifying potential adopters for children. It is unacceptable for a child to be denied adoptive parents solely on the grounds that the child and prospective adopter do not share the same racial or cultural background. If a prospective adopter can meet most of the child's needs, but, for example they do not share the child's racial or cultural background, the core issue is what qualities, experiences and attributes the prospective adopter can draw on and their level of understanding of the discrimination and racism the child may be confronted with when growing up, at both an individual and institutional level. A prospective adopter can be matched with a child with whom they do not share the same ethnicity, if they can respect, reflect or actively develop a child's racial identity from the point they are matched and as they develop throughout their childhood. The prospective adopter needs to demonstrate that they fully understand that having a child from a different ethnic group will present a number of challenges, not least that there may be visible differences that can affect a child's self-esteem and increase their possible feelings of difference. For example, the child may have to deal with questions from their peers about why they are 'different' to their family. By virtue of the Children and Families Act 2014, adoption agencies no longer have to give due consideration to a child's religious persuasion, racial origin and cultural and linguistic background when matching a child and prospective adopters. When a child has developed a sense of their culture or religion, and where they have already begun to speak a language other than English, it is important to find prospective adopters who, while not necessarily sharing any of these, are willing and able to help the child develop these important elements of their future identity. Where a child is very young, particularly when still in infancy, it is important not to make assumptions about religion, culture or language and these should not be imposed on a very young child. A sense of one's culture is developed over time and it should not be assumed that an infant possesses a cultural, linguistic or religious background. These issues can be explored with the child as they grow up and a sensitive prospective adopter will encourage the child, if they wish to do so, to probe these aspects of their birth parents' background. All prospective adopters should help children placed with them to understand and appreciate their background and, particularly in the case of older children, their religion, linguistic or cultural background, for example, celebrating cultural or religious festivals. Prospective adopters should be able to access support, education and training to strengthen their skills together |
7.6 | The child's social worker will provide the selected prospective adopters with full information on the child, including the Child's Permanence Report, the child's profile, a full description of the birth family including any siblings and the reasons for any decision to place the child separately, the child's medical history (including the birth details), the carer's report on the child, the current school reports and the child's PEP. The items provided should be clearly recorded and the prospective adopters should be asked to sign confirmation of receipt of this information. |
7.7 | The child's social worker should also arrange a Life Appreciation Meeting to give any further information to the prospective adopters and ensure they have a clear picture of the child and understand fully the implications of the information they have received. |
7.8 | If there are no suitable in-house prospective or approved adoptive carers who can meet the child's identified essential needs, the adoption worker must explore inter-agency options. |
7.9 | Where foster carers express an interest in adopting a child they are looking after, there is an adoption plan for the child, and they confirm this interest in writing, the child's social worker will talk to them about the implications of adoption and will convene a meeting involving their line manager and the foster carers' supervising social worker (with their line manager where appropriate). The chair of the meeting will be the Adoption Manager. If the outcome of the meeting is that the foster carers appear to be able to meet the child's essential needs, the case will be allocated for an assessment of the foster carers as adopters to proceed (see Assessment and Approval of Prospective Adopters (One Adoption – to follow)). If they are approved as adopters, the requirements set out in Section 8, Approval of Matching of Adoptive Parents as to the approval of the matching and in Section 10, The Placement as to the provision of information and notification of the placement must be followed. If the outcome of the meeting is that the foster carers are not able to meet the child's essential needs, the recruitment of adopters as set out in the preceding and following paragraphs of this chapter will apply. The foster carers' supervising worker will provide support and counselling to the foster carers as appropriate. If the foster carers decide to proceed with an application to adopt the child without the agreement of the agency, the procedure set out in Non-Agency Adoptions will apply. |
Inter Agency Placements |
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7.10 | The Adoption Manager will ensure that consideration is given to all options for placement which will include referrals to the Regional Adoption Agency (One Adoption), and other inter agency placements (for example through publicity in the specialist or wider press) according to the identified needs of the child. It should be borne in mind that the most suitable family may be one that has been approved by another agency. Where it is considered that a placement of the child with overseas adopters would be appropriate, see Section 12, Adoptive Placements Abroad. |
7.11 | Where recruitment of adopters from another agency has been authorised, the child's social worker will undertake the following:
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7.12 | Other members of the Adoption Service as well as the child's social worker should be made aware of the dates of the publicity and a response to callers should be agreed. |
7.13 | Responses from families not yet approved should be dealt with as follows:
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7.14 | Responses from already approved families should be dealt with as follows:
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7.15 | The procedure outlined in paragraphs 7.4 to 7.8 above will then be followed and the child's social worker will visit potential families. Once a suitable match has been identified, (whether with in-house approved adopters, inter agency or a foster carer approved as an adopter), the child's social worker and prospective adopters' link worker should prepare an Adoption Placement Report and a proposed Adoption Support Plan giving details of the family recommended, evaluating how this family may meet the child's needs and setting out the proposed adoption support services to be offered to the child, adoptive family and birth family. This will include including the support to be provided to the prospective adopters to promote the child's educational achievements and participation in leisure activities; to help the child develop positive relationships; and to manage any challenging behaviour which the child may display. The support plan will also include arrangements for contact including how to deal with unauthorised or unmediated contact through online social networking sites. For further information, please see Adoption Support Services. The Adoption Placement Report must be written by a qualified social worker with suitable experience (see Adoption Panel (One Adoption - to follow)) and must include the prospective adopter's views on the proposed placement, contact arrangements (including meeting with the birth parents), adoption support and any proposed restrictions on their exercise of Parental Responsibility after the placement. |
7.16 | The child's social worker, and the prospective adopters' link worker and their respective managers should sign both documents. |
7.17 | The child's social worker should also contact the Panel Administrator to arrange a date for the Adoption Panel to consider the proposed placement. |
7.18 | The child's social worker will keep the parents and child informed of progress (unless the parent has stated that he or she do not wish to be kept informed). |
7.19 | The child's social worker should provide a copy of the Adoption Placement Report to the prospective adopters and give 10 working days to them to submit any written comments on its contents, or ask them to sign a disclaimer if they do not require the full 10 working days. A copy of the signed disclaimer should be held on the child's Adoption Case Record. Where these timescales are not met, the Adoption Panel should record the reasons. |
8. Approval of Matching of Adoptive Parents
The overall time-scale for matching a child with a prospective adoptive family is:
- The match is to be recommended by the Adoption Panel within 6 months of the agency's formal approval that the child should be placed for adoption, except in the following cases;
- Where a parent requests adoption for a child of less than six months of age, the match is to be recommended by the Adoption Panel within 3 months of the agency's formal approval that the child should be placed for adoption.
Presentation to the Adoption Panel |
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8.1 | The must present the following reports to the Adoption Panel:
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8.2 | The child's social worker will send the relevant reports to the Panel Administrator at least 10 working days before the date of the Adoption Panel. |
8.3 | The Panel Administrator will arrange for the Panel minutes in relation to the recommendations that the child should be placed for adoption and, where in-house approved, that the prospective adopters are suitable to be adopters, to be circulated to Panel members, with the reports. Where there is a proposed inter-agency placement, the child's social worker will obtain the relevant Panel minutes for circulation. |
8.4 | The child's social worker and the prospective adopters' link worker will attend the Adoption Panel during consideration of the matter. The prospective adopters will be invited to attend, though their attendance is not compulsory. Where a Children's Guardian has been appointed, consideration should be given to inviting the Children's Guardian to the Panel during consideration of this item. |
8.5 | The Adoption Panel's recommendation as to whether the child should be placed for adoption with the particular prospective adopters will be recorded in writing, together with reasons, in the Panel's minutes. The Panel must also consider and may give advice in relation to the proposed adoption support, the proposed arrangements for contact and any proposed restrictions on the exercise of Parental Responsibility by the prospective adopters and/or the birth parents. A copy of the relevant minute must be placed on the child's and the prospective adopters' Case Records. |
8.6 | The prospective adopters' link worker will convey the Panel's recommendation orally to the prospective adopters within 24 hours. If the prospective adopters are in attendance at Panel, they will be informed of the recommendation by the Panel Chair. |
8.7 | After the Panel has considered the reports and made a written recommendation, the minutes and reports considered by the Panel will be sent to the Agency Decision Maker who will make a decision based on this information within 7 working days of the Panel meeting. In urgent cases, for example where the Court timetable requires it, this timescale should be reduced to 5 working days. The decision will be recorded in writing. If the Panel has given advice in relation to adoption support, proposed contact and/or the exercise of Parental Responsibility by the prospective adopters and/or the birth parents, the Agency Decision Maker may express a view on such advice. Where the Agency Decision Maker is minded to disagree with the Panel recommendation, they must first discuss the case with another senior officer with relevant experience, who is not be a Panel member. This discussion must be recorded and placed on the child's and the prospective adopter's Case Record. |
8.8 | The child's social worker will convey the decision orally to the parents within 2 working days. |
8.9 | The prospective adopters' link worker will convey the decision orally to the prospective adopters within 2 working days. |
8.10 | The Panel Administrator will prepare written notification of the decision to be signed by the Agency Decision Maker and once signed, sent to the parents within 5 working days. |
8.11 | The Panel Administrator will send the written notification, signed by the Agency Decision Maker, to the prospective adopters' link worker for sending to the adopters within 5 working days. Copies of this letter will also be sent to the child's social worker. |
9. Planning the Placement
9.1 | Children will be introduced to their prospective adopters sensitively and with careful and considered planning that promotes attachment. Once the matching has been approved and the legal position allows it, the family finder will convene a Placement Planning Meeting to draw up an Adoption Placement Plan, confirming the details of the introductions, placement and post-placement work. The Adoption Service Manager or their nominee will chair the meeting. |
9.2 | For inter agency placements, a separate meeting will also be required, involving the Adoption Team Manager or their nominee, to complete CoramBAAF Form IA which details the contract between the agencies and the adoptive family in relation to the placement. |
9.3 | The purpose of the first Placement Planning Meeting is to draw up a proposed Adoption Placement Plan. The Adoption Placement Plan should include whether the placement is to be made under a Placement Order or with parental consent, the arrangements for preparing the child and the prospective adopter for the placement (see below), the proposed date of the placement, who will be present when the placement takes place, the Adoption Support Plan, including the support to be provided to the prospective adopters to promote the child's educational achievements and participation in leisure activities; to help the child develop positive relationships; and to manage any challenging behaviour which the child may display, whether and to what extent, the exercise of Parental Responsibility by the prospective adopters and/or the birth parents is to be restricted, including the delegation of decision making to the prospective adopters about the child's health needs and under what circumstances consent to medical treatment needs to be obtained, the arrangements for the monitoring and supervision of the placement (including contact details of key support staff during office hours and out of hours), the dates on which the life story book and any Later Life letters will be passed to the prospective adopters, (usually within 10 working days of the adoption ceremony, i.e. the ceremony to celebrate the making of the adoption order), the date and arrangements for the first Adoption Review, any post-placement contact between the child and members of their birth family and/or the child and the foster carers, and clarification of who will make the necessary notifications of the placement (see Section 10, The Placement). It will also set out the steps required leading up to the child's placement with the prospective adopters, including the first meeting between the child and the prospective adoptive family, the programme of and detailed arrangements for their introductions (dates, times, venues, transport and accommodation), the reimbursement of any expenses of the introductions, any other financial assistance to enable the placement to occur and, where appropriate, a meeting between the parents and the prospective adopters. As part of the preparation of the child for the adoptive placement, information will be provided to ensure that they have a proper understanding about the accommodation and others living at the prospective adoptive home, the contact arrangements with the birth family and how to contact their social worker. |
9.4 | The Adoption Placement Plan will also address when the prospective adopters will be supplied with all relevant written information about the child and who will provide it (for a full list of information to be supplied - see Section 10, The Placement). |
9.5 | The child's social worker must ascertain the child's views and report these to the meetings. |
9.6 | Those attending Placement Planning Meetings will be the child's social worker, their manager (as appropriate), the foster carers, the foster carers' supervising social worker, representatives of the health trust (where appropriate), the prospective adopters and their link worker, and any other worker engaged in direct work with the child. |
9.7 | The child's first meeting with the prospective adopters should be on the child's familiar territory (unless the child is older and requests otherwise) and a social worker should be present. The pattern of introductory visits thereafter will depend on the child's age, needs and stage of development but consideration will be given to a gradual introductory programme involving visits increasing in length, in some cases progressing to an overnight stay, a weekend stay and in exceptional circumstances with an older child, a longer period prior to the final move. |
9.8 | The child's social worker will be responsible for coordinating Placement Planning Meetings. However, all workers involved must be clear about their respective roles and responsibilities in the implementation of the plan, and what should happen in the event of difficulties. Changes to the Adoption Placement Plan can only be made with the agreement of the Chair of the meeting and must be notified to the prospective adopters in writing. The child's social worker is expected to be in regular and frequent contact with the child, foster carer and prospective adopter during the period of the introductions and all involved share information with each other on a regular basis, at the frequency identified at the Placement Planning Meetings. The Adoption Placement Plan will then be reviewed at an agreed date - see paragraph 9.10 below. The Plan will identify the named workers and when they will have contact with the child. |
9.9 | The child's social worker will advise the parents of the plan whilst maintaining the confidentiality of the placement (unless the parent has stated that they do not wish to be kept informed). |
9.10 | On at least one occasion during the period of introductions a Review Placement Planning Meeting will be held, at which the following areas will be addressed:
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9.11 | A further meeting can be called by any of the parties if issues of concern arise. |
9.12 | All Placement Planning Meetings should have the same people invited and take place at a venue accessible to all parties. |
9.13 | Where the child is to be adopted by their foster carers, whilst there will be no need for a plan for introductions, the social worker should still convene a Placement Planning Meeting, in order to draw up the Adoption Placement Plan to cover the areas other than introductions as set out above and to specify the date when the placement is to be regarded as an adoptive placement. |
9.14 | A copy of the final Adoption Placement Plan, signed by the child's social worker, should be given to the prospective adopters, their link worker and the child's Independent Reviewing Officer. The prospective adopters must confirm in writing that they wish the placement to proceed and that they agree to the Adoption Placement Plan. A copy must be retained on the child's Adoption Case Record. |
9.15 | Where contact is part of the adoption plan, the proposals must be drawn up in written agreements to be signed by the birth parents and the prospective adoptive parents. The agreements must specify the form and timing of the contact and the arrangements for putting the contact in place. The agreements must also specify that the arrangements may change dependent upon the wishes of the child. The agreement should also include how the prospective adopters should deal with unauthorised or unmediated contact through online social networking site. All parties must sign and retain copies of the agreement. The parent's copy should not reveal any identifying information about the placement. Also see Section 6, Post-Placement Contact. |
9.16 | If the Adoption Placement Plan is varied or terminated, the child must be informed in a timely and age appropriate way. |
9.17 | Where the Adoption Placement Plan is terminated, the parents must be informed (unless the parent has stated that they do not wish to be kept informed). |
9.18 | If the Adoption Placement Plan is terminated, the Adoption Manager should consider the best way to conduct a disruption meeting - see Disruption of Adoptive Placement Procedure. |
9.19 | Where children are not settling into their adoptive placements, leaders and managers will take steps to ensure that the plan is reviewed with adopters to consider the best steps to take next. In the event of the placement's termination, direct work will be undertaken with the child to make sense of the reasons why the placement broke down and to prepare the child for any future placement. |
9.20 | In this event, the child's social worker must re-start the process of identifying a suitable prospective adoptive family or amend the plan for the child (depending on the outcome of the Disruption Meeting). |
10. The Placement
10.1 | Once the matching of the child has been approved, One Adoption has authority to place the child (either through a Placement Order or Parental Consent), the plan of introductions has been successfully completed and the Adoption Placement Plan has been completed and signed by all parties, the placement can go ahead. A social worker should be present when the placement takes place. |
10.2 | Prior to the placement, the child's social worker must ensure that all the following information/items have been provided to the prospective adopters:
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10.3 | Prior to the placement, notification must be sent by the worker identified in the Adoption Placement Plan to the present and new GP, the local authority (where the adoptive family live outside the borough), the relevant Health Trust and, if the child is at nursery or of school age, the relevant local education authority (with information about the child's education history and whether the child has special needs). These notifications are still required where the prospective adopters were previously the child's foster carers. |
10.4 | Prior to the placement, the Medical Adviser should be requested to send a medical report on the child to the child's new GP and, in appropriate cases, to meet the adopters to discuss medical issues. |
10.5 | Where the child's foster carers are the prospective adopters, the adoption service must confirm in writing to them the date from which the placement becomes an adoptive placement. |
10.6 | The child's social worker must inform the parents of the date of the placement, unless the parents have stated that they do not wish to be kept informed. No identifying information about the placement should be conveyed to birth parents or relatives. (See also Section 4.2, Procedural Fairness). |
10.7 | The child's social worker should ensure the date of the placement is recorded, so that the records identifies that the child is placed for adoption but does not show the placement address. |
10.8 | The family finder will inform the Panel Administrator of the date of the placement as soon as it is made and inform the relevant finance officer where the Adoption Support Plan includes financial support so that payments can start. |
11. Children Approved for Adoption for Whom no Placement has been Identified
11.1 | The child will be the subject of regular Adoption Reviews, chaired by an Independent Reviewing Officer - see Adoption Reviews Procedure. |
11.2 | In all cases, where a child has been approved for adoption but not placed within 6 months, the child's social worker must present a further report to the Adoption Review identifying the length of the delay, the reasons and the steps being taken to address any difficulties, including consideration of a review of the adoption plan and/or a possible change to long-term fostering/separation of siblings. |
11.3 | The Independent Reviewing Officer may request an earlier progress report on an individual case when considering the plans for the child. |
11.4 | The outcome of any reviews by the Adoption Panel should be notified to the child (if old enough), the birth parents (in appropriate cases) and any other relevant person. |
12. Adoptive Placements Abroad
Where an adoptive placement outside the UK appears to be a viable option, and consultation with the child (if old enough) supports this, the proposal must be considered at a child's Looked After Review before becoming part of the child's Care Plan.
The child may be considered for an adoptive placement with known prospective adopters in which case it will be for One Adoption to satisfy itself that the prospective adopters are suitable to adopt the child. Otherwise, the child may be referred to the Department for Education (DfE) for a suitable linking to be identified, (see below).
In either circumstance, the case must be referred to the Adoption Panel in accordance with Section 1 of this procedure, seeking a formal recommendation that adoption outside the UK is in the best interests of the child. The Child's Permanence Report must include an assessment of the possibility of placing the child for adoption in the British Isles and consideration of whether adoption of the child by a person in a particular country would be in the best interests of the child.
The Agency Decision Maker must consider the recommendation and decide whether the child should be placed for adoption overseas. The notification to the child (if old enough) and the parents must include an explanation of the placement possibilities in the British Isles and abroad.
Where a decision is made to pursue the option of placement overseas, the child's social worker should consult with Legal Services about the legal process, and seek the approval of the Designated Manager (Placement Orders) to an application for a Placement Order.
Where no Prospective Adopters have Been Identified
Where such a decision is made to place the child overseas, the child's social worker must notify the DfE of the following:
- The child's file reference number;
- The child's name;
- The child's date of birth;
- The gender of the child;
- The reasons why the decision has been made that adoption outside the UK may be suitable for the child;
- The date of any Placement Order.
The DfE maintains a list of children waiting for inter country adoption.
If a decision is made after the child's name is placed on the list that an overseas adoptive placement is no longer appropriate, the child's social worker must inform the DfE so that the child's details are removed from the list.
Where the DfE receive an application from a foreign country, it will check that the prospective adopters have been assessed as eligible and suitable, and that they meet the age requirement of the UK law, and if so, consider whether there are children of the age and gender identity to match the prospective adopters' approval.
Where there are children on the list who appear, on the face of it, to match the prospective adopters, the DfE will send the relevant papers on the prospective adopters to the local authority looking after the child.
Upon receipt of the papers, the child's social worker in conjunction with the Adoption Service will consider whether the prospective adopters would meet the child's needs. Where necessary, additional information should be requested from the overseas authority via the DfE.
Where it is decided that the prospective adopters are not suitable, the DfE should be notified and the papers returned.
Where it is decided that the prospective adopters are suitable, the DfE should be notified and the proposed match referred to the Adoption Panel for consideration in accordance with the usual procedure. Included in the papers to be presented to the Panel must be the report on the prospective adopters by the foreign authority.
The child's social worker must notify the DfE of the decision made.
Where the decision is to proceed with the placement, the child's social worker must send the Child's Permanence Report, together with any Placement Order and a recent photograph of the child, to the DfE for onward transmission to the overseas authority and the prospective adopters.
Where the prospective adopters decide to go ahead with the placement, they will be required to travel to meet the child.
The matching procedures will then apply as for any other potential placement.
Placement Planning Meetings should be convened in accordance with the usual procedure (see Section 9, Planning the Placement) to plan the prospective adopters' first meeting with the child, introductions and where the placement goes ahead, regular reports should be required from the relevant overseas authority after the placement.
If the prospective adopters still wish to go ahead and the Placement Planning Meeting confirms that the placement meets the child's needs, the child's social worker must inform the DfE, who will contact the overseas authority to confirm that they are content for the placement to go ahead and that the child will be permitted to enter and reside permanently. In these circumstances, the DfE will enter the necessary agreement with the overseas authority.
The child's social worker can then arrange for the placement to go ahead.
The prospective adopters will need to seek independent legal advice about the need to apply for a Convention Adoption Order in the UK (which will require the child to be with the adopters for at least 6 months prior to the application) or a Section 84 Order from the High Court granting them Parental Responsibility to take the child outside the UK for the purposes of adoption (which will require the child to be with the adopters for at least 10 weeks prior to the application). In either case, the Court will require a social worker's report - see Court Reports in Adoption/Special Guardianship for a detailed list of the contents.
The prospective adopters will need to arrange for the foreign authority to monitor the placement as required by the Placement Planning Meeting.
Where Prospective Adopters have been identified
It will be for One Adoption to satisfy itself that the prospective adopters are suitable to adopt the child. The assessment should usually be carried out in the prospective adopters' country and then sent to One Adoption in the same way as for any other prospective adopter.
The matching procedures will then apply as for any other potential placement.
Placement Planning Meetings should be convened in accordance with the usual placement procedures (see Section 9, Planning the Placement) to plan the prospective adopters' first meeting with the child, introductions and where the placement goes ahead, regular reports should be required from the relevant overseas authority after the placement.
The prospective adopters will need to seek independent legal advice about the need to apply for a Section 84 Order from the High Court granting them parental responsibility to take the child outside the UK for the purposes of adoption (which will require the child to be with the adopters for at least 10 weeks prior to the application). Where such an application is made, the Court will require a social worker's report - see Court Reports in Adoption/Special Guardianship for a detailed list of the contents.
The child's social worker will need to arrange for the foreign authority to monitor the placement as required by the Placement Planning Meeting.